QR Menü Kullanımı Kapsamında Restoranlarda Yenilikçi Uygulamaların Hizmet Kalitesine ve Restoran İmajına Etkisi (The Effect of Innovative Applications in Restaurants on the Service Quality and Restaurant Image in the Scope of Using QR Menus)

Authors

  • Esra ŞAHİN
  • Vedat YİĞİTOĞLU

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.21325/jotags.2022.1065

Keywords:

QR menu, Technology-based service innovativeness, Experiential innovativeness, Service quality, Restaurant image

Abstract

QR menus are digital menus in food and beverage businesses that customers can view by scanning the QR codes on the tables with their smartphones. QR menus are an example of technology-based innovative applications used in food and beverage service businesses. At the same time, they set an example for experiential innovation by providing customers with a different ordering process experience. This research aims to examine whether experiential and technological innovation applications affect service quality and restaurant image by evaluating from the customer's point of view within the scope of QR menu usage in restaurants.  The research data were collected in July 2022 by face-to-face survey application to people who use QR menus in middle-class restaurants in Antalya. Regression analysis was applied to 392 valid questionnaires. The results of the research show that technology-based service innovation does not have a significant effect on service quality, but has a significant effect on restaurant image. On the other hand, it is seen that experiential innovation has a significant effect on both the service quality and the image of the restaurant. The effect of service quality on restaurant image, which is known to have a significant effect on restaurant selection and customer satisfaction, was found to be statistically significant.

References

Ali, F., Zhou, Y., Hussain, K., Nair, P. K. & Ragavan, N. A. (2016). Does higher education service quality effect student satisfaction, image and loyalty?. Quality Assurance in Education, 24(1), 70–94. https://doi.org/10.1108/qae-02-2014-0008

Ansel D. & Dyer C. A. (1999). Framework for restaurant information technology. Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly, 40(3), 74-84, doi:10.1177/001088049904000322.

Bitner, M. J. & Hubbert, A. R. (1994). Encounter satisfaction versus overall satisfaction versus quality: The customer’s voice. In R. T. Rust & R. L. Oliver (Eds.), Service quality, new directions in theory and practice, pp. 79–84. London, UK: Sage.

Bloemer, J., de Ruyter, K. & Peeters, P. (1998). Investigating drivers of bank loyalty: The complex relationship between image, service quality and satisfaction. International Journal of Bank Marketing, 16, 276-286, https://doi.org/10.1108/02652329810245984.

Brady, M. & Cronin, J. (2001). Some new thoughts on conceptualizing perceived service quality: A hierarchical approach. Journal of Marketing, 65, 34-49.

Canziani, B. F., Almanza, B., Frash, R. E., Mckeig, M. J. & Sullivan-Reid, C. (2016). Classifying restaurants to improve usability of restaurant research. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 28(7), 1467–1483. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijchm-12-2014-0618.

Cheng, C. C. J., Shiu, E. C. C. & Dawson, J. A. (2014). Service business model and service innovativeness. International Journal of Innovation Management, 18(02), 1450013. https://doi.org/10.1142/S1363919614500133.

Collins, G. R. & Cobanoglu, C. (2008). Hospitality information technology: Learning how to use it (6th Ed.), Dubuque, IA: Kendall/Hun.

Cronin, Jr. J. J. & Taylor, S. A. (1992). Measuring service quality: A reexamination and extension. Journal of Marketing, 56(3), 55–68. https://doi.org/10.2307/1252296.

Dabholkar, P. (1990). How to improve perceived service quality by improving customer participation. In: Dunlap, B.J., Ed., Developments in Marketing Science. Academy of Marketing Science, Cullowhee, pp. 483-487.

Denso (2001). QR code paths. https://www.qrcode.com/history/Denso. Erişim Tarihi: 22.07.2022.

Ding, L., Jiang, C. & Qu, H. (2022). Generation Z domestic food tourists’ experienced restaurant innovativeness toward destination cognitive food image and revisit intentions. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-07-2021-0903.

DiPietro, R.B. & Gregory, S. (2013). A comparative study of customer perceptions regarding green restaurant practices: fast food vs. upscale casual. Hospitality Review, 30 (1), 1.

DiPietro, R. B. (2017). Restaurant and foodservice research: a critical reflection behind and an optimistic look ahead. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 29, 4, 1203-1234.

Dixon, M. Kimes, S. E. & Verma, R. (2009). Customer preferences for restaurant technology innovations. https://ecommons.cornell.edu/handle/1813/71042 Erişim Tarihi: 14.06.2022.

Dotzel, T., Shankar, V. & Berry, L. L. (2013). Service Innovativeness and Firm Value. Journal of Marketing Research, 50(2), 259–276. https://doi.org/10.1509/jmr.10.0426

Emenheiser, D. A., Clay, J. M. & Palakurthi, R. (1998). Profiles of successful restaurant managers for recruitment and selection in the US. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 10 (2), 54-62.

Gierhart, M. (2009). Inamo: restaurant of the future. Erişim: joshspear.com/blog/inamo-restaurant-ofthe-future. Erişim Tarihi: 25.07.2022.

Goertzel, B., Hanson, D. & Yu, G. (2014). A software architecture for generally intelligent humanoid robotics. 5th Annual International Conference on Biologically Inspired Cognitive Architectures, 2014 BICA, 158-163.

Grönroos, C. (1984). A service quality model and its marketing implications. European Journal of Marketing, 18(4), 36–44.

Hair, J. F., Anderson, R. E., Tatham, R. L. & Black, W. (2006). Multivariate Data Analysis, 6. Baskı, New Jersey: Prentice Hall.

Han, H. & Ryu, K. (2009). The roles of the physical environment, price perception, and customer satisfaction in determining customer loyalty in the restaurant industry. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research,33,487-510. https://doi.org/10.1177/1096348009344212

Heirati, N. & Siahtiri, V. (2019). Driving service innovativeness via collaboration with customers and suppliers: Evidence from business-to-business services. Industrial Marketing Management, 78, 6-16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2017.09.008

Holbrook, M. B., & Corfman, K. P. (1985). Quality and value in the consumption experience: Phaldrus rides again. In J. Jacoby & J. Olson (Eds.), Perceived Quality (pp. 31–57). Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.

Hollebeek, L. & Rather, R. A. (2019). Service innovativeness and tourism customer outcomes. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 31(11), 4227–4246. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijchm-03-2018-0256

Horng, J.-S., Chou, S. F., Liu, C. H. & Tsai, C. Y. (2013). Creativity, aesthetics and eco-friendliness: A physical dining environment design synthetic assessment model of innovative restaurants. Tourism Management, 36, 15-25.

Hsu, L. & Wu, P. (2013). Electronic-tablet-based menu in a full service restaurant and customer satisfaction- A structural equation model. International Journal of Business, Humanities and Technology, 3(2), 61-71.

Hu, H. H., Kandampully, J. & Juwaheer, T. D. (2009). Relationships and impacts of service quality, perceived value, customer satisfaction, and image: An empirical study. The Service Industries Journal, 29, 111-125. https://doi.org/10.1080/02642060802292932

Hwang, J., Park, S. & Kim, I. (2020). Understanding motivated consumer innovativeness in the context of a robotic restaurant: The moderating role of product knowledge. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 44, 272-282.

Jain, S. K. & Gupta, G. (2004). Measuring service quality: SERVQUAL vs. SERVPERF scales. Vikalpa, 29(2), 25-37.

Jang, Y., Ro, H. & Kim, T.-H. (2015). Social servicescape: The impact of social factors on restaurant image and behavioral intentions. International Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Administration, 16(3), 290–309. https://doi.org/10.1080/15256480.2015.1054758

Jantasri, V. & Srivardhana, T. (2019). The impacts of innovativeness and nostalgia among restaurant customers in Bangkok metropolitan region. Asian Administration & Management Review, 2(1), 97.

Jeon, Y. M. (2017). A Study on influence of family restaurant image on satisfaction, trust and revisit intention. Culinary Science and Hospitality Research, 23 (2), 74-85. doi: 10.20878/cshr.2017.23.2.008

Jin, N., Line, N. D. & Goh, B. (2013). Experiential value, relationship quality, and customer loyalty in full-service restaurants: The moderating role of gender. Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management, 22, 679–700.

Jin, N., Goh, B., Huffman, L. & Yuan, J. J. (2015). Predictors and outcomes of perceived image of restaurant innovativeness in fine-dining restaurants. Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management, 24(5), 457–485. https://doi.org/10.1080/19368623.2014.915781

Jin N., Line N. D., & Merkebu, J. (2016). Examining the impact of consumer innovativeness and innovative restaurant image in upscale restaurants. Cornell Hospitality Quarterly, 57(3), 268-281. doi:10.1177/1938965515619229

Johnson, R. (2019). 4 styles of service in the restaurant business. Erişim: http://smallbusiness. chron.com/4-styles-service-restaurant-business-22923.html. Erişim Tarihi: 15.07.2022.

Kalaycı, Ş. (2008). SPSS Uygulamalı Çok Değişkenli İstatistik Teknikleri, 3.Baskı, Ankara: Asil Yayın Dağıtım.

Kandampully, J. & Suhartanto, D. (2000). Customer loyalty in the hotel industry: The role of customer satisfaction and image. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 12 (6), 346–351.

Kandampully, J.; Juwaheer, T. D. & Hu, H. H. (2011). The influence of a hotel firm’s quality of service and image and its effect on tourism customer loyalty. International Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Administration, 12(21), 21–41.

Kasavana, M. L. (2011). Innovative cashless solutions: Influencing an industry's tipping point. The Journal of Hospitality Financial Management, 19(1), 128. DOI: 10.1080/10913211.2011.10653906

Kharat, S. A., Panage, B. M. & Nagarkar S. (2017). Use of QR code and layar app for academic library services. Library Hi Tech News, 34, 21–28.

Keller, K. L. (1993). Conceptualizing, measuring, and managing customer-based brand equity. The Journal of Marketing, 57, 1, 1-22.

Kelley, M. R. (1994). Productivity and information technology: The Elusive Connection. Management Science, 40, 11, 1406-1425. https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.40.11.1406

Kim, J. J., Choe, J. Y., & Hwang, J. (2021). Application of consumer innovativeness to the context of robotic restaurants. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 33(1), 224–242. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijchm-06-2020-0602

Kim, E., Tang, L. R. & Bosselman, R. (2018). Measuring customer perceptions of restaurant innovativeness: Developing and validating a scale. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 74(August), 85-98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2018.02.018

Kim, E., Nicolau, J. L. & Tang, L. (2021). The impact of restaurant innovativeness on consumer loyalty: The mediating role of perceived quality. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 45(8), 1464–1488. https://doi.org/10.1177/1096348020985586

Kimes S. E. (2008). The role of technology in restaurant revenue management. Cornell Hospitality Quarterly, 49(3), 297-309. doi:10.1177/1938965508322768

Kivela, J., Inbakaran, R. & Reece, J. (2000). Consumer research in the restaurant environment. Part 3: analysis, findings and conclusions. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, Vol. 12 No. 1, 13-30. https://doi.org/10.1108/09596110010304984

Kotler P., Haider D. H. & Rein I. (1993). Marketing Places: Attracting Investment, Industry, and Tourism to Cities, States and Nations. Free Press, New York.

Kunz, W., Schmitt, B. & Meyer, A. (2011). How does perceived firm innovativeness affect the consumer? Journal of Business Research, 64 (8), 816-822.

Law, R., Buhalis, D. & Cobanoglu, C. (2014). Progress on information and communication technologies in hospitality and tourism. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 26, (5),727-750.

Law, R., Leung, R. & Buhalis, D. (2009). Information technology applications in hospitality and tourism: A review of publications from 2005 to 2007. Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, 26 (5/6), 599-623.

Lee, T. & Jun, J. (2007). Contextual perceived value? Investigating the role of contextual marketing for customer relationship management in a mobile commerce context. Business Process Management Journal, 13 (6),798-814.

Liat, C. B., Mansori, S. & Huei, C. T. (2014). The associations between service quality, corporate image, customer satisfaction, and loyalty: Evidence from the Malaysian hotel İndustry. Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management, 23(3), 314–326. https://doi.org/10.1080/19368623.2013.796867

Meuter, M. L., Ostrom, A. L., Roundtree, R. I. & Bitner, M. J. (2000). Self-Service Technologies: Understanding Customer Satisfaction with Technology-Based Service Encounters. Journal of Marketing, 64(3), 50–64. https://doi.org/10.1509/jmkg.64.3.50.18024

Netemeyer, R. G., Krishnan, B., Pullig, C., Wang, G., Yagci, M., Dean, D., Ricks, J. & Wirth, F. (2004). Developing and validating measures of facets of customer-based brand equity. Journal of Business Research, 57(2), 209–224. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0148-2963(01)00303-4

O’Cass, A. & Carlson, J. (2012). An e-retailing assessment of perceived website-service innovativeness: Implications for website quality evaluations, trust, loyalty and word of mouth. Australasian Marketing Journal, 20 (1), 28-36.

Okazaki, O., Li, H. & Hirose, M. (2012). Benchmarking the use of QR code in mobile promotion. Journal of Advertising Research, 52 (1), 102–117.

Ordanini, A. & Parasuraman, A. (2011). Service innovation viewed through a service-dominant logic lens: A conceptual framework and empirical analysis. Journal of Service Research, 14(1), 3–23. https://doi.org/10.1177/1094670510385332

Oronsky, C. R. & Chathoth, P. K. (2007). An exploratory study examining information technology adoption and implementation in full-service restaurant firms. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 26(4), 941-956.

Özoğlu, B. & Bülbül, H. (2013). The reliability and validity study of the motivated consumer innovativeness (MCI) and perceived risk scales. Journal of Alanya Faculty of Business, 5 (3), 131-39.

Pan H. & Ha H. Y. (2021). Service quality and satisfaction in the context of varying levels of restaurant image and customer orientation during the COVID-19 pandemic. Sustainability, 13(17):9694. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13179694

Parasuraman, A., Zeithaml, V. A. & Berry, L. L. (1988). SERVQUAL. A multiple-item scale for measuring consumer perceptions of service Quality. Journal of Retailing, 64 (1), 12-40.

Pavesic, D. (2005). The psychology of menu design: Reinvent your ‘silent salesperson’ to increase check averages and guest loyalty. Hospitality Faculty Publications, 2, 36- 42.

Prendergast, G. & Man, H. W. (2002). The influence of store image on store loyalty in Hong Kong’s quick service restaurant industry. Journal of Foodservice Business Research, 5(1), 45-59.

Protel, (2022). QR Menu Nedir, Karekod Menü Kullanmanın Avantajları Nelerdir? https://www.protel.com.tr/blog/qr-menu-nedir-karekod-menu-avantajlari/ Erişim Tarihi: 27.07.2022

Reynolds, D., Merritt, E. A. & Pinckney, S. (2005). Understanding Menu Psychology. International Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Administration, 6(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1300/j149v06n01_01

Rodgers, S. (2007). Innovation in food service technology and its strategic role. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 26, 899-912.

Ryu, K. H. Han, & T. H. Kim (2005). The relationships among overall quick-casual restaurant image, perceived value, customer satisfaction, and behavioral intentions. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 27 (34), 459-69.

Ryu, K., Han, H. & Kim, T. H. (2008). The Relationships among overall quick-casual restaurant image, perceived value, customer satisfaction and behavioural intentions. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 27, 459-469. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2007.11.001

Ryu, K., Lee, H. & Gon Kim, W. (2012). The influence of the quality of the physical environment, food, and service on restaurant image, customer perceived value, customer satisfaction, and behavioral intentions. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 24(2), 200–223. https://doi.org/10.1108/09596111211206141

Semeijn, J., van Riel, A. C. R. & Ambrosini, A. B. (2004). Consumer evaluations of store brands: effects of store image and product attributes. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 11(4), 247-258. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0969-6989(03)00051-1

Soriano, D. R. (2002). Customers’ expectations factors in restaurants: The situation in Spain. International Journal of Quality & Reliability Management, 19(8/9), 1055-1067.

Spyridou, A. (2017). Perceived service quality and customer revisiting intention: The Case of "all you can eat" Asian Restaurants in Southern Taiwan. Journal of Tourism, Heritage & Services Marketing, 3(2), 30-38. https:// doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1209129

Su, C. S. (2011). The role of service innovation and customer experience in ethnic restaurants. The Service Industries Journal, 31, 425–440.

Suarez, N., Berezina, K., Yang, W. & Gordon, S. (2019). Are restaurant customers ready for tablet-based menus? International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 31(7), 2914–2932. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijchm-04-2018-0307

Schumpeter, J. (1934). The Theory Of Economic Development. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Sun, A., Sun, Y. & Liu, C. (2007). The QR-code reorganization in illegible snapshots taken by mobile phones. International Conference on Computational Science and its Applications (ICCSA 2007), 532-538.

Suriyankietkaew, S. (2016). Effects of sustainable leadership on customer satisfaction: Evidence from Thailand. Asia - Pacific Journal of Business Administration, 8 (3), 245-259.

Şahin, E. (2019). Dijital menü planlaması. Sezgin, M., Özdemir Akgül, S., & Atar, A. (Eds) Turizm 4.0 Dijital Dönüşüm içinde (s. 81-98). Ankara: Detay Yayıncılık.

Teng, H. Y., & Chen, C. Y. (2021). Restaurant innovativeness and brand attachment: The role of memorable brand experience. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research. doi:10.1177/10963480211042065

Tu, Y. T., Wang, C. M. & Chang, H. C. (2012). Corporate brand image and customer satisfaction on loyalty: An empirical study of Starbucks Coffee in Taiwan. Journal of Social and Development Sciences, 3(1), 24-32.

Uitz, I. & Harnisch, M. (2012). Der QR-Code – aktuelle entwicklungen und anwendungsbereiche. Informatik Spektrum, 35 (5),339–347.

Wall, E. A. & Berry, L. L. (2007). The combined effects of the physical environment and employee behavior on customer perception of restaurant service quality. Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly, 48(1), 59–69.

Walls, A., Okumus, F., Wang, Y. & Kwun, D. (2011). An epistemological view of consumer experiences. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 30 (1), 10-12.

Wu, P. C. S., Yeh, G. Y. Y. & Hsiao, C. R. (2011). The effect of store image and service quality on brand image and purchase intention for private label brands. Australasian Marketing Journal, 19(1), 30-39.

Yen, C., Teng, H. & Tzeng, J. (2020). Innovativeness and customer value co-creation behaviors: Mediating role of customer engagement. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 88, 102514.

Yüksel, A. & Yüksel, F. (2002) Measurement of tourist satisfaction with restaurant services: A segment-based approach. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 9, 52-68.

Yusra, & Agus, A. (2019). The influence of online food delivery service quality on customer satisfaction and customer loyalty: The role of personal ınnovativeness. Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques, 8 (1), 6-12.

Zeithaml, V. A. & Bitner, M. J. (1996). Services Marketing. McGraw-Hill, New York.

Cnbc (2021). QR codes have replaced restaurant menus. Industry experts say it isn’t a fad. https://www.cnbc.com/2021/08/21/qr-codes-have-replaced-restaurant-menus-industry-experts-say-it-isnt-a-fad.html. Erişim Tarihi: 27.07.2022

Published

13-03-2023

How to Cite

ŞAHİN, E., & YİĞİTOĞLU, V. (2023). QR Menü Kullanımı Kapsamında Restoranlarda Yenilikçi Uygulamaların Hizmet Kalitesine ve Restoran İmajına Etkisi (The Effect of Innovative Applications in Restaurants on the Service Quality and Restaurant Image in the Scope of Using QR Menus). Journal of Tourism & Gastronomy Studies, 10(3), 1745–1768. https://doi.org/10.21325/jotags.2022.1065