Turizm Sektöründe Toplumsal Cinsiyet Eşitsizliği Perspektifiyle Kadın İstihdamı (Employment of Women in The Tourism Sector From The Perspective of Gender Inequality)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21325/jotags.2025.1751Keywords:
(Societal) Gender equality, Empowerment of women, TourismAbstract
The purpose of this study is to examine the general situation of women’s employment in the tourism sector in Turkiye in the context of gender. Depending on the purpose of the study, documents published by institutions and organizations that are internationally recognized, comprehensive, and regularly report on gender and employment issues were examined through document review. In light of comparisons regarding the overall picture of gender in the global, national, and tourism sectors, an attempt has been made to determine the employment status of women in the context of gender in the tourism sector in Turkiye. As a result, it has been determined that women face difficulties in advancing in the tourism sector and are concentrated in unskilled, low-paid, part-time, temporary, seasonal, and undervalued jobs.
References
Aynalem, S., Birhanu, K., & Tesefay, S. (2016). Employment opportunities and challenges in tourism and hospitality sectors. Journal of Tourism & Hospitality, 5(6), 1-5.
Bowen, G. A. (2009). Document analysis as a qualitative research method. Qualitative Research Journal, 9(2), 27-40.
Campos-Soria, J., Marchante-Mera, A., & Ropero-García, M. (2011). Patterns of occupational segregation by gender in the hospitality industry. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 30(1), 91-102.
Carvalho, I., Costa, C., Lykke, N., & Torres, A. (2014). An analysis of gendered employment in the Portuguese tourism sector. Journal of Human Resources in Hospitality & Tourism, 13(4), 405-429.
Carvalho, I., Costa, C., Lykke, N., & Torres, A. (2019). Beyond the glass ceiling: Gendering tourism management. Annals of Tourism Research, 75, 79-91.
Carvalho, I., Costa, C., Lykke, N., & Torres, A. (2019). Beyond the glass ceiling: Gendering tourism management. Annals of Tourism Research, 75, 79-91.
Cave, P., & Kilic, S. (2010). The role of women in tourism employment with special reference to Antalya, Turkey. Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management, 19(3), 280-292.
Chalkiti, K. and Sigala, M. (2010). Staff turnover in the greek tourism ındustry, International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management (22)3, 335-359.
Costa, C., Bakas, F. E., Breda, Z., Durão, M., Carvalho, I., & Caçador, S. (2017). Gender, flexibility and the ‘ideal tourism worker’. Annals of Tourism Research, 64, 64-75.
Costa, C., Bakas, F. E., Breda, Z., Durão, M., Carvalho, I., & Caçador, S. (2017). Gender, flexibility and the ‘ideal tourism worker’. Annals of Tourism Research, 64, 64-75.
Costa, C., Durão, M., Bakas, F., Breda, Z., Carvalho, I., & Caçador, S. (2015). “Walking on broken glass”: the changing nature of gendered constraints to career development and performance. Revista Turismo & Desenvolvimento, (23), 9-19.
Cotter, D. A., Hermsen, J. M., Ovadia, S., & Vanneman, R. (2001). The glass ceiling effect. Social Forces, 80(2), 655-682.
Ecevit, Y., (2021). Toplumsal cinsiyet eşitliğinin temel kavramları. Cinsiyet Eşitliği İzleme Derneği. Ankara: CEİD Yayınları.
Erikli, S. (2020). Çalışma yaşamında toplumsal cinsiyet ayrımcılığının görünümü. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 2(1), 39-60.
Eroğlu, F., & İrdem, Ş. (2016). Toplumsal cinsiyet ayrımcılığı ve yönetim kademelerindeki yansımaları. Pamukkale İşletme ve Bilişim Yönetimi Dergisi, 3(2), 11-35.
Ferguson, L. (2011). Promoting gender equality and empowering women? Tourism and the third Millennium Development Goal. Current Issues in Tourism, 14(3), 235-249.
Fiske, S. T., Cuddy A. J. C., Glick, P. & Xu, J. (2002). A model of (often mixed) stereotype content: competence and warmth respectively follow from perceived status and competition. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82(6), 878-902.
Ganeshamoorthy, K. (2019). The employment effect of tourism: A dynamic analysis. American Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Research, 3(10), 119-26.
Glick, P. & Fiske S. T. (1996). The ambivalent sexism ınventory: differentiating hostile and benevolent sexism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70(3), 491-512.
Güdücü, B. (2018). Biyolojik cinsiyet ve toplumsal cinsiyet (Ed.) Toplumsal Cinsiyet Sosyolojisi içinde (s.13-34) İstanbul: Lisans Yayıncılık.
Hinkin, T. R. & Tracey, J., B. (2000). The cost of turnover-putting a price on the learning curve, Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly, 41(3), 14-21.
Hutchings, K., Moyle, C. L., Chai, A., Garofano, N., & Moore, S. (2020). Segregation of women in tourism employment in the APEC region. Tourism Management Perspectives, 34, 100655.
International Labour Organization (2024a). World employment and social outlook:trends 2024, Geneva: International Labour Office.
International Labour Organization, (2024b). World employment and social outlook: may 2024 update. Geneva: International Labour Office.
International Labour Organization, (2025a). International standard ındustrial classification of all economic activities revision 4 (ISIC REV 4) – Employment by sex and economic activity- Annual [https://ilostat.ilo.org/methods/concepts-and-definitions/ilo-modelled-estimates/] (Erişim Tarihi:10 Temmuz 2025)
International Labour Organization, (2025b). ILOSTAT - ILO sector: Hotels, catering, tourism & Employment by ILO sector and sex (thousands) [https://ilostat.ilo.org/topics/ilo-sectors/] (Erişim Tarihi:10 Temmuz 2025)
International Labour Organization, (2025c). ILOSTAT - ILO sector: Hotels, catering, tourism & employment by ILO sector and sex and education (thousands) – Annual [https://ilostat.ilo.org/topics/ilo-sectors/] (Erişim Tarihi:10 Temmuz 2025)
Jackman, M. (2022, January). The effect of tourism on gender equality in the labour market:Help or hindrance?. In Women's Studies International Forum (Vol. 90, p. 102554). Pergamon.
Jolliffe, L., & Farnsworth, R. (2003). Seasonality in tourism employment: Human resource challenges. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 15(6), 312-316.
Kabil, M., Ali, M. A., Marzouk, A., & Dávid, L. D. (2022). Gender Perspectives in Tourism Studies: A Comparative Bibliometric Analysis in the MENA Region. Tourism Planning & Development, 21(3), 276-298.
Karppinen, K., & Moe, H. (2012). What we talk about when we talk about document analysis. (Eds. Natascha Just &Manuel Puppis). In Trends in communication policy research: New theories, methods and subjects 1st ed., 177-193. UK: Intellect.
Knutson, B. J., & Schmidgall, R. S. (1999). Dimensions of the glass ceiling in the hospitality industry. Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly, 40(6), 64-75.
Kozak, M. A. (1996). Konaklama endüstrisinde kadının konumu. Anatolia: Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi, 7(2), 16-23.
Kozak, N., Kozak, M.A. & Kozak, M. (2001). Genel turizm ilkeler ve kavramlar, Ankara: Detay Yayıncılık.
Labuschagne, A. (2003). Qualitative research: Airy fairy or fundamental. The Qualitative Report, 8(1), 1-4.
Liu, T., Gao, J., Zhu, M., & Qiu, Y. (2021). How career expectations influence advancement: evidence from women in the hospitality industry. Tourism Review, 76(6), 1228-1242.
Manfreda, A., Wang, D., Zhang, Y., & Ma, E. (2025). Unraveling women (in) leadership in tourism and hospitality: A retrospect and outlook. The Service Industries Journal, 45(9-10), 751-778.
Mitra, S. K., Chattopadhyay, M., & Chatterjee, T. K. (2023). Can tourism development reduce gender inequality?. Journal of Travel Research, 62(3), 563-577.
Özçatal, E. Ö. (2011). Ataerkillik, toplumsal cinsiyet ve kadının çalışma yaşamına katılımı. Çankırı Karatekin Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 1(1), 21-39.
Peshave, J., & Gupta, K. (2017). Challenges in the career progression of women in Hospitality Industry-a review of literature. International Journal of Commerce and Management Research, 3(2), 158-165.
Poulston, J. (2008). Hospitality workplace problems and poor training: a close relationship, International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 20(4), 412-427.
Ram, Y. (2018). Hostility or hospitality? A review on violence, bullying and sexual harassment in the tourism and hospitality industry. Current Issues in Tourism, 21(7), 760-774.
Remington, J., & Kitterlin-Lynch, M. (2018). Still pounding on the glass ceiling: A study of female leaders in hospitality, travel, and tourism management. Journal of Human Resources in Hospitality & Tourism, 17(1), 22-37.
Rinaldi, A., Salerno, I. (2020). The tourism gender gap and its potential impact on the development of the emerging countries. Quality & Quantity, 54, 1465-1477.
Rincon, V., Gonzalez, M. & Barrero, C. (2017). Women and leadership: gender barriers to senior management positions. Intangible Capital, 13(2), 319-386.
Sabina, J. M., & Nicolae, J. C. (2013). Gender trends in tourism destination. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 92, 437-444.
Sancar, S., & Göç-Bilgin, M. (2021). Erkekler, erkeklikler ve toplumsal cinsiyet eşitliği. Cinsiyet Eşitliği İzleme Derneği. Ankara: CEİD Yayınları.
Santos, L. D., & Varejão, J. (2007). Employment, pay and discrimination in the tourism industry. Tourism Economics, 13(2), 225-240.
Silva, J. R., & Freire Guimarães, C. R. F. (2017). Wage differentials in Brazil: Tourism vs. other service sectors. Cogent Economics & Finance, 5(1), 1319606.
Sosyal Güvenlik Kurumu, (2025). Sosyal Güvenlik Kurumu İstatistik Yıllığı. İş Yerleri, Zorunlu Sigortalılar ile Prime Esas Ortalama Günlük Kazançların Faaliyet Grubu, Sektör ve Cinsiyete Göre Dağılımı [https://www.sgk.gov.tr/Istatistik/Yillik/fcd5e59b-6af9-4d90-a451-ee7500eb1cb4] (Erişim Tarihi:22 Temmuz 2025)
Sparrowe, R. T., & Iverson, K. M. (1999). Cracks in the glass ceiling? An empirical study of gender differences in income in the hospitality industry. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 23(1), 4-20.
Sparrowe, R. T., & Iverson, K. M. (1999). Cracks in the glass ceiling? An empirical study of gender differences in income in the hospitality industry. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 23(1), 4-20.
Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu, (2024a). Türkiye istatistikleri 2024 broşürü, Ankara.
Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu, (2024b). İşgücü istatistikleri, 2024 - Çalışma hayatında kalma süresi. [https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Isgucu-Istatistikleri-2024-54059] (Erişim Tarihi:5 Temmuz 2025)
Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu, (2024c). İşgücü istatistikleri, 2024 - İşgücüne dahil olmama nedenleri. [https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Isgucu-Istatistikleri-2024-54059] (Erişim Tarihi:5 Temmuz 2025)
Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu, (2024d). İşgücü İstatistikleri, 2024 - Sektöre göre istihdam edilenler, 15+ yaş, (Bin kişi), 2023, 2024 [https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Isgucu-Istatistikleri-2024-54059] (Erişim Tarihi:5 Temmuz 2025)
Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu, (2024e). İşgücü istatistikleri, 2024. haber bülteni. [https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Isgucu-Istatistikleri-2024-54059] (Erişim Tarihi:5 Temmuz 2025)
Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu, (2025a). Uluslararası seçilmiş göstergeler ve genel nüfus sayımları ve adrese dayalı nüfus kayıt sistemi [https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/secilmisgostergeler/] ve [https://nip.tuik.gov.tr/] (Erişim Tarihi:5 Temmuz 2025)
Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu, (2025b). Uluslararası seçilmiş göstergeler- değişkenler-işgücü piyasası. [https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/secilmisgostergeler/] (Erişim Tarihi:5 Temmuz 2025)
Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu, (2025c). Merkezi dağıtım sistemi, işgücü istatistikleri, istihdam, cinsiyet, iktisadi faaliyet kolu, işteki durumu. [https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/medas/?locale=tr] (Erişim Tarihi:5 Temmuz 2025)
United Nations, (2024). World population prospects 2024: summary of results, New York: United Nations.
Usta, Ö. (2014). Turizm genel ve yapısal yaklaşım. 4. Baskı, Ankara: Detay Yayıncılık.
Ünlüönen, K., Tayfun, A. & Kılıçlar, A. (2018). Turizm ekonomisi. Gözden geçirilmiş ve güncellenmiş 6. Baskı, Ankara: Nobel Yayıncılık.
World Bank, (2025). Population, female (% of total population). [https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL.FE.ZS] (Erişim Tarihi: 2 Temmuz 2024)
World Economic Forum, (2006). The global gender gap report 2006. Geneva.
World Economic Forum, (2010). The global gender gap report 2010. Geneva.
World Economic Forum, (2015). The global gender gap report 2015 insight report, Geneva.
World Economic Forum, (2020 Global gender gap report 2020 insight report, Geneva.
World Economic Forum, (2021). Global gender gap report 2021 insight report, Geneva.
World Economic Forum, (2022). Global gender gap report 2022 insight report, Geneva.
World Economic Forum, (2023). Global gender gap report 2023 insight report, Geneva.
World Economic Forum, (2024). Global gender gap report 2024 ınsight report, Geneva.
World Economic Forum, (2025). Global gender gap report 2025 insight report, Geneva.
Yeşiltepe, A, (2022). Toplumsal cinsiyet ve sağlık. Toplumsal Cinsiyet ve Sosyoloji içinde. (s.97-112) İstanbul: Eğitim Yayınevi.
Zhang, J., & Zhang, Y. (2020). Tourism and gender equality: An Asian perspective. Annals of Tourism Research, 85, 103067.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Tourism & Gastronomy Studies

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.


