Understanding the Perception of Organizational Commitment During COVID-19 Pandemic: Senior Hotel Managers’ Perspective
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21325/jotags.2021.898Keywords:
Organizational commitment, COVID-19 pandemic, Short-Time working payment, Qualitative research, AntalyaAbstract
The aim of this study is to investigate whether the commitment of senior hotel managers to their organizations has changed during COVID-19 pandemic. Designed as a case analysis, the study has collected data from 30 different senior hotel managers working in 10 different hotels in Belek, a tourism region in Antalya, Turkey. To this end, face-to-face semi-structured interviews were conducted. The data have been assessed through descriptive analysis and the findings have shown that themes such as income, psychological ownership, self-sacrifice, equity, alternatives, experience, career, occupational commitment, global crisis perception, and empathy explain the managers’ commitment to their organizations. As a result of the study, three different situations regarding the commitment of managers to their organizations during COVID-19 pandemic have been identified: The managers’ level of commitment has increased, decreased, or remained the same.
References
Alnıaçık, Ü., Alnıaçık, E., Akçin, K., & Erat S. (2012). Relationships between career motivation, affective commitment and job satisfaction, Procedia-Social and Behavioral Science, 58, 355-362. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.09.1011
Allen, N. J., & Meyer, J. P. (1990). The measurement and antecedents of affective, continuance and normative commitment to the organization. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 63(1), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8325.1990.tb00506.x
Allen, N. J., & Meyer, J. P. (1993). Organizational commitment: Evidence of career stage effects?, Journal of Business Research, 26(1), 49–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/0148-2963(93)90042-N
Altinay, L., & Arici, H.E. (2021). Transformation of the hospitality services marketing structure: A chaos theory perspective, Journal of Services Marketing, https://doi.org/10.1108/JSM-01-2021-0017
Ankudinov, A., Lebedev, O., & Sachenkov, A. (2015). Empirical analysis of job satisfaction determinants in Russia, Asian Social Science, 11(4), 111-125 http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ass.v11n4p117
Aytaç, S., Işığıçok, Ö., Başol, O., & Saygılı, E. (Aralık, 2019). Ücret düzensizliğinin örgütsel bağlılık ve işten ayrılma niyetine etkisi: Bir araştırma örneği. Karatahta/İş Yazıları Dergisi, 15, 75-96.
Bajrami, D. D., Terzić, A., Petrović, M. D., Radovanović, M., Tretiakova, T. N., & Hadoud, A. (2020). Will we have the same employees in hospitality after all? The impact of COVID19 on employees’ work attitudes and turnover intentions. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 94, 102754, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2020.102754
Barriball, L. K., & While, A. (1994). Collecting data using a semi-structured interview: a discussion paper. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 19(2), 328–335. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.1994.tb01088.x
Becker, H. S. (1960). Notes on the concept of commitment, American Journal of Sociology, 66(1), 32–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/222820
Bucak, T., & Yiğit, S. (2021). The future of the chef occupation and the food and beverage sector after the COVID-19 outbreak: Opinions of Turkish chefs, International Journal of Hospitality Management, 92, 102682, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2020.102682
Chang, H.-T., Chi, N.W., & Miao, M. C. (2007). Testing the relationship between three-component organizational / occupational commitment and organizational / occupational turnover intention using a non-recursive model, Journal of Vocational Behavior, 70(2), 352–368. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2006.10.001
Chraif, M., & Aniţei, M. (2011). The impact of economic crisis on occupational stress and counterproductive behavior in a food and beverage restaurant chain from Romania, Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 30, 2644–2650. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.10.517
Cohen, A. (2007). Commitment Before and After: An Evaluation and Reconceptualization of Organizational Commitment, Human Resource Management Review, 17, 336−354. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2007.05.001
Çakar, K., & Aykol, Ş. (2020). Case study as a research method in hospitality and tourism research: A systematic literature review (1974–2020). 62(1), 21–31. Cornell Hospitality Quarterly, https://doi.org/10.1177/1938965520971281
Demi̇r, M., Günaydın, Y., & Demi̇r, Ş., (2020). Koronavirüs (Covid-19) salgınının Türkiye'de turizm üzerindeki öncülleri, etkileri ve sonuçlarının değerlendirilmesi, International Journal of Social Sciences and Education Research, 6(1), 80-107. https://doi.org/10.24289/ijsser.734263
Dunham, R. B., Grube, J. A., & Castañeda, M. B. (1994). Organizational commitment: The utility of an integrative definition. Journal of Applied Psychology, 79(3), 370-380. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.79.3.370
Dyne, L. V., & Pierce J. L. (2004). Psychological ownership and feelings of possession: Three field studies predicting employee attitudes and organizational citizenship behavior, Journal of Organizational Behavior, 25, 439-459. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.249
Ekren, N., Aykaç A. E., & Güner, Y. (2020), Covid 19 salgın dönemi ekonomi anketi: İşletmelerde karşılaşılan sorunlar ve çözüm önerileri, İstanbul: Plusone Basım Matbaa.
Farrell, D., & Rusbult, C. E. (1981). Exchange variables as predictors of job satisfaction, job commitment, and turnover: The impact of rewards, costs, alternatives, and investments. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 28(1), 78–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/0030-5073(81)90016-7
Figueira, D. J. G., Nascimento, J. L. R. P., & Almeida, M. H. R. G. (2015). Relation between Organizational Commitment and Professional Commitments: An Exploratory Study Conducted with Teachers. Universitas Psychological, 14-1:43-56, http://dx.doi.org/10.11144/Javeriana.upsy14-1.rboc
Filimonau, V., Derqui, B., & Matute, J. (2020). The COVID-19 pandemic and organisational commitment of senior hotel managers. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 91, 102659, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2020.102659
Gössling, S., Scott, D., & Hall, C. M. (2020). Pandemics, tourism and global change: A rapid assessment of COVID-19, 29(1), 1-20, Journal of Sustainable Tourism, https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2020.1758708
Gül, H. (2002). Örgütsel bağlılık yaklaşımlarının mukayesesi ve değerlendirilmesi, Ege Üniversitesi Akademik Bakış Dergisi, 2(1), ss.37- 55.
Hall, C. M. (2010). Crisis events in tourism: Subjects of crisis in tourism, Current Issues in Tourism, 13(5), 401-417, https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2010.491900
Hamouche S. (2020). COVID-19 and employees’ mental health: stressors, moderators and agenda for organizational actions [version 1; peer review: awaiting peer review], Emerald Open Res 2020, 2(15), https://doi.org/10.35241/emeraldopenres.13550.1
Huang, A., Makridis, C., Baker, M., Medeiros, M., & Guo, Z. (2020). Understanding the impact of COVID-19 intervention policies on the hospitality labor market. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 91, 102660. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2020.102660
Inkson, C., & Minnaert, L. (2018), Tourism management: An ıntroduction, Second Edition, Sage Publications.
Jung, H. S., Jung, Y. S., & Yoon, H. H. (2021). COVID-19: The effects of job insecurity on the job engagement and turnover intent of deluxe hotel employees and the moderating role of generational characteristics. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 92, 102703. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2020.102703
Kallio, H., Pietilä, A.-M., Johnson, M., & Kangasniemi, M. (2016). Systematic methodological review: developing a framework for a qualitative semi-structured interview guide. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 72(12), 2954–2965. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.13031
Kanter, R.M. (1968). Commitment and social organizations: A study of commitment mechanisms in utopian communities. American Sociological Review, 33, 499-518. https://doi.org/10.2307/2092438
Kapar, R. (2012). Ekonomik krizlerin çalışanların sağlığı ve güvenliği üzerindeki etkileri, Çalışma ve Toplum, 3, 73-100.
KTB. (2020). Konaklama tesislerinde kontrollü normalleşme süreci genelgesi, Republic Of Turkey Ministry Of Culture and Tourism, Retrieved August 14, 2020 from https://tga.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Genelge_2020_6.pdf
Landis, R. J., & Koch, G. G. (March, 1977). The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data. Biometrics, 33(1), 159–174. https://doi.org/10.2307/2529310
Loi, R., Hang-Yue, N., & Foley, S. (2006). Linking employees' justice perceptions to organizational commitment and intention to leave: The mediating role of perceived organizational support. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 79(1), 101–120. https://doi.org/10.1348/096317905X39657
Machokoto, W., (2020). A commitment under challenging circumstances: analysing employee commitment during the fight against covid-19 in the UK, Int. J. Adv. Res. 8(04), 516-522. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/IJAR01/10803
Markovits, Y., Boer, D., & Van Dick, R., (2014). Economic crisis and the employee: The effects of economic crisis on employee job satisfaction, commitment, and self-regulation. European Management Journal, 32(3), 413–422. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emj.2013.09.005
Mathieu, J. E., & Zajac, D. M. (1990). A review and meta-analysis of the antecedents, correlates, and consequences of organizational commitment. Psychological Bulletin, 108(2), 171-194. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.108.2.171
Mayhew, M. G., Ashkanasy, N. M., Bramble, T., & Gardner, J. (2007). A study of the antecedents and consequences of psychological ownership in organizational settings, The Journal of Social Psychology, 147(5), 477-500. https://doi.org/10.3200/SOCP.147.5.477-500
Mete, E. S. (2019). The relationship among Altruism, Affective Commitment, Job Satisfaction, and Turnover Intention: A Research on Boundary Spanning Positions in Hotel Enterprises, Journal of Tourism and Gastronomy Studies, 7(1), 310-327. https://doi.org/10.21325/jotags.2019.364
Meyer, J. P., Morin, A. J., & Wasti, S. A. (2017). Employee commitment before and after an economic crisis: A stringent test of profile similarity. Human Relations, 71(9), 1204–1233. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726717739097
Meyer, J. P., Stanley, D. J., Herscovitch, L., & Topolnytsky, L. (2002). Affective, continuance, and normative commitment to the organization: A meta-analysis of antecedents, correlates, and consequences. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 61(1), 20–52. https://doi.org/10.1006/jvbe.2001.1842
Meyer, J. P., & Allen, N. J. (1997). Commitment in the workplace: Theory, research, and application. SAGE Publications.
Meyer, J. P., Allen, N. J., & Smith, C. A. (1993). Commitment to organizations and occupations: Extension and test of a three-component conceptualization. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78(4), 538–551. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.78.4.538
Meyer, J. P., & Allen, N. J. (1991). A three-component conceptualization of organizational commitment. Human Resource Management Review, 1(1), 61–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/1053-4822(91)90011-Z
Meyer, J. P., & Allen, N. J. (1984). Testing the “side-bet theory” of organizational commitment: Some methodological considerations. Journal of Applied Psychology, 69(3), 372–378. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.69.3.372
Meyer, J. P., & Parfyonova, N. M. (2010). Normative commitment in the workplace: A theoretical analysis and re-conceptualization. Human Resource Management Review, 20(4), 283–294. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2009.09.001
Mowday, R. T., Porter, L. W., & Steers, R. M. (1982). Nature of Organizational Commitment. Editor(s): R.T. Mowday, L.W. Porter, R. M. Steers, Employee–Organization Linkages, 19–43, Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-509370-5.50006-X
Nicola, M., Z. Alsafi, Sohrabi, C., Kerwan, A., Al-Jabir, A., Iosifidis, C., Agha, M., & Agha, R. (2020). The socio-economic implications of the coronavirus and COVID-19 pandemic: A review. International Journal of Surgery, 78, 185-193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsu.2020.04.018
Ogba, I. (2008). Commitment in the workplace: The impact of income and age on employee commitment in Nigerian banking sector, Management Research News, 31(11), 867-878. https://doi.org/10.1108/01409170810913051
Quirin, J.J., Donnelly, D.P., & O'Bryan, D. (2001). Antecedents of organizational commitment: The role of perception of equity, Advances in Accounting Behavioral Research, 4, 261-280. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-7979(01)04076-5
Patton, M. Q. (2018). Nitel araştırma ve değerlendirme yöntemleri (2 b.). M. Bütün & S. B. Demir (Ed.), (Çev.), Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
Porter, L. W., Steers, R. M., Mowday, R. T., & Boulian, P. V., (1974). Organizational Commitment, Job Satisfaction, and Turnover Among Psychiatric Technicians, Journal of Applied Psychology, 59(5), 603–609. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0037335
Prochazka, J., Scheel, T., Pirozek, P., Kratochvil, T., Civilotti, C., Bollo, M. & Maran, D.A. (2020), Data on work-related consequences of COVID-19 pandemic for employees across Europe, Data in Brief, Vol. 32, p. 106174, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2020.106174
Reade, C., & Lee, H.-J. (2012). Organizational commitment in time of war: Assessing the impact and attenuation of employee sensitivity to ethnopolitical conflict. Journal of International Management, 18(1), 85–101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intman.2011.09.002
Roberts, J. A., Coulson, K. R., & Chonko L. B. (1999). Salesperson perceptions of equity and justice and their impact on organizational commitment and intent to turnover, Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, 7(1), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1080/10696679.1999.11501815
Rusbult, C. E., & Farrell, D. (1983). A longitudinal test of the investment model: The impact on job satisfaction, job commitment, and turnover of variations in rewards, costs, alternatives, and investments. Journal of Applied Psychology, 68(3), 429–438. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.68.3.429
Saunders, B., Sim, J., Kingstone, T., Baker, S., Waterfield, J., Bartlam, B., Burroughs, H., & Jinks, C. (2017). Saturation in Qualitative Research: Exploring Its Conceptualization and Operationalization. Quality & Quantity, 52(4), 1893–1907. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-017-0574-8
Spurk, D., & Straub, C. (2020). Flexible employment relationships and careers in times of the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 119, 103435, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2020.103435
Steers R. M., (Mar., 1977). Antecedents and outcomes of organizational commitment source. Administrative Science Quarterly, 22(1), 46-56. https://doi.org/10.2307/2391745
Tang, T.L., & Chiu, R.K. (2003). Income, money ethic, pay satisfaction, commitment, and unethical behavior: Is the love of money the root of evil for Hong Kong employees? Journal of Business Ethics, 46, 13–30. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1024731611490
Turner, D.W. (2010) Qualitative interview design: a practical guidefor novice researcher. The Qualitative Report 15(3), 754–760. Retrieved January 28, 2021 from https://nsuworks.nova.edu/tqr/vol15/iss3/19
Uçar, O., Ersoy, A., Aksu, A., & Ehtiyar, V. R. (2020). A field study on the relationship between personality and professional commitment. International Journal of Business, 3(1), 39-50.
Vo-Thanh, T., Thinh-Van V., Nguyen, P. N., Nguyen, D. V., Zaman, M., & Hsinkuang, C. (2020). How does hotel employees’ satisfaction with the organization’s COVID-19 responses affect job insecurity and job performance?, 29(6), 907-925. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2020.1850750
Wiener, Y. (1982). Commitment in organizations: A normative view. Academy of Management Review, 7, 418-428, https://doi.org/10.2307/257334
Yıldırım, A., & Şimşek, H. (2016). Sosyal bilimlerde nitel araştırma yöntemleri, (10th Ed.). Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık.
Yousef, D. A. (2002). Job satisfaction as a mediator of the relationship between role stressors and organizational commitment: A study from an arabic cultural perspective. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 17(4), 250-266. https://doi.org/10.1108/02683940210428074
Zorlu, Ö., Avan, A., & Bulut, Ş. (2016). Otel İşletmelerinde İşe Bağlılık Düzeyinin Arttırılması: İşgören fedakârlık tutumunun rolü, Çatalhöyük Uluslararası Turizm ve Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 16, 1‐16.
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Journal of Tourism & Gastronomy Studies

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.